Generalization: Generalization is the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus. Pavlov's dogs displayed this tendency when they had been conditioned to salivate when they were rubbed, but they would also salivate when scratched.
Discrimination: The learned ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and irrelevant stimuli. For example, Pavlov's dogs learned to respond to only one tone and not to others.
Importance of Cognitive Processes in Classical Conditioning: Cognitive processes are important in classical conditioning because associations are strengthened or weakend by them. When the test subject experiences the CS and UCS a couple times, the second event gains a predictibility. The test subject makes the association through being able to expect the second event. The best conditioning takes place when the CS and UCS have the relationship that the CS causes the UCS.
Importance of Biology in Classical Conditioning: The biological predispositions of each species dispose it to learn the particular associations that enhance its survival. Biology allows animals to adapt to their environments through learning, and can be used as a safe way to control predators through taste aversion.
Taste Aversion: Learning to avoid a food that makes you sick. This avoidance can take place even if the sick reaction takes place hours after the food is consumed. It shows that the UCS doesn't have to immediately follow the CS.
An Example of Taste Aversion Not In Book: A couple years ago I ate dinner at Red Lobster, and then I got to my stomach sick later that night. I now have an aversion to food at Red Lobster, specifically the cheddar biscuits because I associate them with getting sick.
Watson, Rayner, and Research After Pavlov: Watson and Rayner's research showed that human emotions and behavior are mainly made up of conditioned responses along with biology. They showed how fears are conditioned through their Little Albert experiments. Watson later worked for the J. Walter Thompson ad agency and used associative learning to develop campaigns.
Prosocial Models: Positive and helpful models. Examples of these are Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr. They both drew on being prosocial models by making nonviolent action a powerful force through first demonstrating it themselves. This compelled other people to follow the same ideology.
Desensitizing of Youth: Prolonged exposure to violence causes indifference to events in media or real life. For example, if a teenager watches exceedingly violent movies for a long period of time or on a frequent basis, they become less reactive to a murder story featured on the news.
One Example of Observational Learning From My Lifetime: When I was little, I saw my grandmother burn her forehead with her curling iron. This taught me to keep my curling iron at a safe distance from my head and be extremely cautious when I started using one.
No comments:
Post a Comment