Representativeness Heuristic: to use a prototype to decide the likelihood of an event EXAMPLE: You see a tall man with a well-built body and a stern look in his face. After seeing this you would most likely assume that the would fight instead of flee in a life or death situation because he looks strong and tough.
Availability Heuristic: to use previous knowledge to make judgments. EXAMPLE: When you see someone go to get lunch at the same time every day for a week, you continue to expect it to happen from then on.
Overconfidence: A combination of wanting to prove one's beliefs, using heuristics to make judgments, and excusing shortcomings. EXAMPLE: You come out of a test feeling very confident that you got an A, only to find out the next day that you failed.
Framing: The approach one takes to display an issue to elicit different responses. EXAMPLE: You're going to a 3-week training session. Saying you'll only be there for 3 weeks elicits a more positive response than saying that you'll only be home one week out of that month.
Belief Bias: People make false conclusions and distort their logic using the beliefs they already have. EXAMPLE: Someone may reason that concerts are loud. Riots aren't concerts. Therefore, riots aren't loud. This is distorted logic, but based on their preexisting beliefs, they come to this false conclusion.
Belief Perseverance: Holding onto beliefs even if they have been proven false. EXAMPLE: A student finds an answer to a math problem. Their teacher then proves that their answer is incorrect, but the student still claims that it is correct.
Artificial Intelligence: Computer systems that are created to imitate human thought processes. EXAMPLE: On AOL Instant Messenger, there are computer generated "people" that you can have conversations with. These robots were designed to mimic human communication.
Computer Neural Networks: Computer systems that imitate the connective network of neurons in the brain. EXAMPLE: A computer that, through a series of connective circuits, can realize when a virus has entered its system.
1. Why does everything covered in chapters 8,9 and 10 fall under the field of cognitive psychology? Provide three different examples of how it does (one from each chapter would be best) Learning falls under cognitive psychology because it is a series of conscious processes that leads to a behavior being learned. The subject has to consciously decide to respond to the stimulus being given. Memory is classified as cognitive because it takes a conscious process to remember what kind of cake you had at your 10th birthday party or to remember the name of someone you just met. Thinking and language are cognitive because they both require a conscious process to occur. Thinking is the definition of a conscious process, and in order to speak, you have to consciously decide to make noise.
5. How can you use your knowledge of language acquisition and the way that
we read, speak and think to help create your learning strategy? Thinking and language are intertwined. They both determine the other. Keeping this in mind, our learning strategy would need to incorporate both speaking and thinking without speaking. So, maybe it would have to incorporate discussions with other students in small groups, and time spent looking at a term and defining it in your head.
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